The origins and the development of the property insurance

    At mankind each history stage of the society, people fall among the natural disaster and surprised trouble to harass.For making up loss, rise to deal with the insurance thought of the disaster trouble and the insurance method of the original appearance, adopt some relief measure.

  The property insurance originates marine insurance, the general average is a marine insurance of embryonic, the ships goods mortgage borrows funds the embryo that the system is a marine insurance.2000 B.C., in Mediterranean first take the extensive sea trade activity, the ships on the water meets bad weather, encountering the wind waves raid, for the sake of the common safety make the ships sink but abandon one part of goods unlikely, the loss of this part of goods is shared in together by the beneficiary of the ship,goods,freight, this principle afterwards for ground Anne maritime law the year adopt, and formal provision:"Any goods that carry heavy jettison to go into sea because of easing boats and ships, such as is the all benefits but loss of, the beard is return by the all share."The share form of this kind of general average is afterwards replace by insurance, producing marine insurance.700 B.C., the ship owner of the Greece make ship,goods to mortgage before going out to sea to sail to loan a person to obtain the voyage funds to borrow funds, if ship,goods the safe completion sail, the ship owner returns to borrow funds and pay higher interest, if sink midway, the ship owner need not compensate the principal and interest, this kind of mortgage's borrowing funds actually is the marine insurance of the form at the earliest stage.Appear"gratis lend goods" system again afterwards, was borrowed by borrow funds person's position toward trader by the capital owner before voyage an amount of money, if the ship,the goods safety arrives a landing port, the capital owner no longer compensates to borrow funds;(equal to take a premium)Whereas, if the ship,goods sinks or damages midway, the capital owner has already repaid debt a responsibility(equal to indemnity), this with the meaning of the modern marine insurance more for near to.The modern marine insurance rises in Italy, conducting marine insurance from about 1250 beginning, is arrived written form contract about by the oral communication conclude , appear the earliest insurance policy afterwards.Have already stood as guarantor the sea disaster,natural calamity,a fire and abandon to 1393 etc., start have the form of the modern insurance.The British propertied class revolution of 17 centuries, make England become the world trade,voyage and the insurance center gradually, the biggest insurance ridge breaks fatigue in a London of the organization to match an agency in the world nowadays, the on the water insurance with again the insurance have the most important function.The modern marine insurance is flourishing along with the transportation,the development of the trade also expands its scope increasingly, it is no longer pure the top of the ocean is dangerous, also including the water of the inland and and the maritime affairs activity contact together of between the top is dangerous, so the marine insurance has already been transport this word of insurance replace.

   The fire insurance is the precursor(also included fire insurance in the on the water insurance) of the property insurance, meaning to take a fire as the property insurance of[with] main insurance responsibility, the business enterprise property insurance,the family property insuranceses of China all belong to the category of the fire insurance.The creation of the fire insurance, is because the formation of the development,merchant capital and the gradual concentration of the merchandise of the sea trade promoted to need to the fire insurance, its creation ratio marine insurance the night have to be many, but develop very quickly.It is output on a fire mutual aid organization foundation, having already had a fire association organization in the Iceland for 11 centuries, appearing to accept to lie a fire loss exclusively in a little bit German cities insurance for 15 centuries mutually organization, arrived in 1676 from 46 insuranceses organized merger to establish the hamburger fire insurance agency mutually.Time of the fire insurance real rise is after 1666 British London wildfires, a fire in London kept on for 4 days at that time, more than 13,000 houses were destroy by fire,20 myriad peoples was homeless, resulting in the property that canned estimate lose, causing a people's value to a fire with worried.Arrive for 19 centuries, English,virtuous,the method,beautiful etc. country completed Industrial Revolution one after another, the big machine production replaced the original hand type operation, the material wealth is in great quantities concentrated, is urgent to the need of the fire insurance more, Europe and America of the fire insurance company grow profusely and quickly a sort to flow out now, the insurance object from past protect building to extend to other properties, the insurance responsibility also expands from single fire to storm,earthquake,rain-storm etc..For the sake of the control same profession competition, established the insurance trade union one after another, establish to unify together of rate of premium.In order to scatter risk, again the insurance also starts a development.

   The Chinese modern type insurance invades but inputs along with the economic source procedure of the British great powers.The earlier period insurance company that the Chinese oneself establish is in 1885, from the pure government ocean affair parties order steamer canvass business the bureau starts in Shanghai of"YunHuo""JiHuo" is two insurance companies, after merge for"the YunJi" insurance company.Arrive to settle an end to just appear run by private capital insurance companies, such as HuaXing,HuaAn ,HuaYun class civil aviation insurance agent.Established China company's fire insurance association in 1905.The period of the World War I, because the imperialistic nation is occupied in war, invading China to have to temporarily relax, making the Chinese race industry and business industry have certain development of[with] degree, the Chinese race insurance industry first step formation, but because the funds is weak, shortage with compete with outside company's company.At the 20's, in order to absorb more fundses, the bank sets up insurance company competitively.Take the bureaucrat capital as the National Central Bank,LYU3 GUO2's bank,transportation bank,Chinese Farmers Bank of China of the backing to also invest to establish the insurance company or the insurance department one after another in 30's, the insurance market control of old China are in these bureaucrat comprador capitalist hand, these company in addition to from stay very small one part from stay additionally, greatly part of pass insurance to divide again to outside company's insurance company, then pass to the privately owned insurance company the insurance business a relation again, conduct and actions is each to take in to control from the member of the insurance group.On the insurance history of old China, beautiful and second insurance company in the United States has ever controled a Chinese insurance market over a long period of time.The insurance company that founds a nation ex- China almost concentrated big city City in coast, at war against Japan age, heavy celebrate to also become the center of the insurance industry once and once, Shanghai had the Chinese and Foreign insurance company more than 300 houseses in 1994.

   The People's Republic of China establish, founding a Chinese insurance history to make a chapter lately, the ridge that destroyed imperialism to the Chinese insurance market break, establishing Chinese people's insurance company on October 20th in 1949 in restructuring and publishing an old Chinese insurance industry and taking over the foundation of the bureaucrat capital insurance company, mainly starting fire insurance,the goods conveyance insurance, the circumlittoral seaport still stands as guarantor the conveyance war risk, and emphasize the insurance has to be combined together with disaster prevention, making a series reform to the old insurance system at the same time, modifying insurance policy,extend insurance responsibility scope and lowering the fee rate and simplification to insure procedure etc..Recover in the national economy period, started the national organization,state-owned company and county above supply and marketing agency property one after another again compulsory insurance,goods a conveyance insurance and transport the tool insurance and the family group fire insurance, and tried to do the animal insurance and farm crop insurance in the village.1958 extends to carry out pig-raising the insurance and citizen property insurance again.From 1949-1958 years 10 years period inside, various premium income total 1,600,000,000 dollars, pay indemnity 380,000,000 dollars, give the funds of the national backlog equal to at that time whole cars whole year capital construction appropriation of 1/4, expected at that time here in, in the national scope build up compare integrity of the socialism insurance system, widespread establish the insurance organization, instauration with start a lot of insurance grow, in time is business enterprise with personal provide economy a guarantee, for recover at that time with development the national economy have an aggressive function.